Heart attack and cardiac arrest are two terms frequently used interchangeably, but they describe two different medical emergencies. Although both involve the heart and can be life-threatening, their causes, symptoms and immediate treatment differ. Understanding this distinction could help save someone’s life.
A heart attack occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is blocked, usually because of a blood clot in an artery narrowed by fatty deposits. The affected heart muscle is deprived of oxygen and begins to get damaged. During a heart attack, the heart usually continues beating, but its muscle is being deprived of oxygen. Common symptoms include chest pain, pressure or tightness; pain spreading to the arms, back, neck or jaw; shortness of breath; cold sweats; nausea; and dizziness or unusual fatigue.
Cardiac arrest, on the other hand, occurs when the heart suddenly stops pumping blood effectively because its electrical system malfunctions. Normally, electrical signals control the rhythm and coordination of the heartbeat. When these signals become abnormal or chaotic, the heart may beat erratically or quiver instead of pumping blood properly. As a result, blood circulation to the brain and other vital organs stops. It is an extremely time-critical emergency. Its key symptoms include sudden collapse, loss of consciousness, unresponsiveness and absence of normal breathing, although occasional gasping may occur.
How are the two connected?
A heart attack can sometimes trigger cardiac arrest, but not every heart attack leads to cardiac arrest. Similarly, cardiac arrest can occur due to other electrical or structural heart problems.
Why is knowing the difference important?
Both conditions require immediate medical attention. If someone shows signs of a heart attack, seek emergency medical help immediately. If someone collapses, is unresponsive and is not breathing normally, call emergency services, begin CPR and use an Automated External Defibrillator (AED), if available. Every minute matters.
